Sciatica is a condition characterized by pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which extends from the lower back down through the hips, buttocks, and legs. This pain typically affects only one side of the body and can range from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain. The underlying cause of sciatica is usually compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve, often due to a herniated disc, bone spur, or spinal stenosis. While sciatica itself is not a disease, it is a symptom of an underlying issue affecting the lower spine.
One of the most common causes of sciatic nerve irritation is a herniated or slipped disc in the lumbar spine. When the soft, gel-like center of a spinal disc pushes through its tougher outer layer, it can press against the sciatic nerve, leading to inflammation and pain. In addition, conditions such as degenerative disc disease, spondylolisthesis, and spinal stenosis can also contribute to sciatic pain by narrowing the spaces within the spine and putting pressure on the nerve roots. Other factors, including muscle tightness, injury, or prolonged sitting, can further aggravate the condition.
Symptoms of sciatica can vary widely depending on the severity of the nerve compression. Some individuals experience a sharp, shooting pain that travels from the lower back down the leg, while others may feel a persistent ache, numbness, or tingling in the affected area. In more severe cases, muscle weakness or difficulty moving the leg or foot may occur. The pain can worsen with prolonged sitting, standing, or sudden movements such as coughing or sneezing. Understanding the specific symptoms and their triggers is essential in determining the most effective treatment approach.