The origins of communism can be traced back to the mid-19th century, largely shaped by the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marx's writings, particularly The Communist Manifesto (1848), presented a vision for a classless society where the working class, or proletariat, would overthrow the capitalist bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat. Marx believed this revolution would lead to the eventual abolition of private property, creating a system where resources and wealth were shared equally among all people. Engels, Marx's collaborator, helped to spread these ideas, laying the theoretical foundation for communism as a political ideology.
In the early 20th century, the ideas of Marxism found fertile ground in Russia, where economic disparity and social unrest were widespread. The Russian Empire, under Tsar Nicholas II, faced increasing pressure from industrialization, a growing working class, and a largely disenfranchised peasantry. The Russian Revolution of 1917, led by the Bolshevik Party under Vladimir Lenin, marked the beginning of communism's practical implementation. The Bolsheviks sought to establish a socialist state where the working class would control the means of production and dismantle the old Tsarist monarchy.
Following the revolution, the Soviet Union was formed in 1922, uniting the Russian Federation and several other Soviet republics under a single communist government. The new government, however, faced significant challenges, including civil war, foreign intervention, and the task of restructuring a country that had been predominantly agrarian into a socialist industrialized state. Lenin's death in 1924 led to the rise of Joseph Stalin, who consolidated power through brutal purges and policies such as forced collectivization and rapid industrialization.